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"justification": [
"The Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry is striving to be an internationally recognized and leading team in wood, biorefining, and papermaking chemistry. The ultimate goal of our research is to promote sustainable and multipurpose use of wood for fibre products and for high-value biomaterials and biochemicals. Thus, our research should be scientifically, technically, and industrially relevant.\n\nIn order to understand and explain phenomena occurring in nature, in processing, in products, or in recycling and biodegradation, we need to be able to analyse samples on a molecular level. Molar mass and how it changes are thus often a property we need to understand better. High performance size exclusion chromatography with MALS (multi angle laser light scattering) and dRI (differential refractometer) detectors are central tools for this purpose.\n\nOur current MALS detector with 690 nm laser and 3 scattering angles is capable of (limited to) analysing mainly hemicelluloses and other polysaccharides and non-aromatic polymers, and it is also close to the end of its life-span. Thus a new MALS with IR laser and 8 angles will greatly increase the analytical capability to include polymers that absorbs light and show fluorescence. Lignin and other aromatic polymers, which are believed to be promising alternatives to plastics, belong to this group. The IR laser MALS also needs to be accompanied by a dRI detector with matching IR wavelength. Additionally the dRI detector should be able to provide off-line determinations of the dn\/dc constants needed for concentration and molecular mass calculations for each type of new or modified sample.\nThe Wyatt DAWN\u00ae 8 MALS with 785 nm laser, ASTRA data acquisition and analysis software, and Optilab HC dRI detector operating at 785 nm fulfill the above requirements.\n\nThe analysis of lignin by SEC is very challenging. The solution of Wyatt Technology is to overcome the fluorescence of the sample in two ways. The light scattering detector DAWN 8 will be equipped with an IR laser at 785 nm. At that wavelength lignin absorbs only very little which suppresses most of the fluorescence. The second addition is to equip some detector angles with interference filters which filter out all wavelengths higher than the laser wavelength. This filters out fluorescence light because it has always a higher wavelength than the laser light. In addition to that also the dRI detector from Wyatt, the Optilab, will be equipped with a 785 nm LED light source so that the dn\/dc of the concentration measurement has the same value than the dn\/dc of the light scattering measurement. That assures highest accuracy in the determination of the molar mass of lignin eluting from the SEC column.\n\n1. Multi-Angle Light Scattering Detector (MALS)\n\nThe DAWN\u00ae 8 model, designed for use with a wide range of GPC, FPLC, HPLC, SEC or field-flow fractionation (FFF) instrumentation, is a member of the fifth generation of MALS detectors developed by WTC. This instrument uniquely meets our needs. In combination with the associated ASTRA data acquisition and analysis software, it provides advanced technical features to meet the following requirements which are deemed necessary to perform our measurements with acceptable accuracy, precision and repeatability.\n\n1.1. Molar Mass and Radius\n\nThe Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS) detector can perform static light scattering measurements at 8 angular locations, simultaneously, in order to quantify molar mass of macromolecules in solution from 200 Da to 300 MDa and rms radius from 10 nm to 300 nm.\n\n1.2. Laser Wavelength\n\nThe Wyatt DAWN is the only commercially available light scattering detector which offers the 785 nm laser option. Using this laser wavelength especially lignin and lignin sulfonates can be measured with the lowest possible fluorescence. This allows in combination with interference filters to use MALS for the molar mass determination of these samples. \n\n1.3. DLS Option\n\nThe MALS instrument is field-upgradeable to provide, a dynamic light scattering detection module (DLS is also known as QELS or PCS). \n\n2. Differential Refractometer (dRI)\n\nThe Optilab HC, designed for use with a wide range of GPC and HPLC instrumentation, is a member of the fourth generation of dRI detectors developed by WTC. This instrument uniquely meets our needs because combines advanced technical features to meet the following requirements which are deemed necessary to perform the measurements expected with acceptable accuracy, precision and repeatability:\n\n2.1.\tLED Wavelength\nThe Optilab HC instrument integrates seamlessly with a Wyatt MALS detector and Wyatt\u2019s ASTRA software, and can operate at the same wavelength of 785 nm as the MALS detector. This is very important in order to have the same refractive index constant for the concentration and molar mass measurement.\n\n2.2.\tdn\/dc offline measurement\n\nThe dRI instrument must be capable of being used off-line (batch mode via sample injection into the flow cell by means of a syringe or pump) to measure the dn\/dc of a sample at the same wavelength as the MALS instrument, as this value is necessary for MALS calculations.\n\n"
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